Il termine 'Pemfigo' individua un gruppo di malattie rare bollose autoimmuni che interessano le mucose e la cute. Il più comune sottotipo è il Pemfigo volgare, altri sono il Pemfigo foliaceo, il pemfigo vegetante, il pemfigo eritematoso. L'incidenza del Pemfigo volgare (PV) varia tra 0,42 e 1,62 casi per 100.000 con una maggiore incidenza tra gli ebrei Ashkenazi e le popolazioni del mediterraneo. L'età d'insorgenza è solitamente tra i 50 e i 60 anni e interessa entrambi i sessi in egual misura (Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A. Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16(3):214-23).
La malattia di Hailey-Hailey, anche conosciuta come Pemfigo familiare cronico benigno, è una malattia della cute autosomica dominante che tipicamente si manifesta con dolorose erosioni della cute o lesioni delle pieghe cutanee o delle zone di trauma (Fairclough RJ, Lonie L, Van Baelen K, Haftek M, Munro CS, Burge SM, Hovnanian A. Hailey-Hailey disease: identification of novel mutations in ATP2C1 and effect of missense mutation A528P on protein expression levels. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123(1):67-71).
Il Pemfigo foliaceo endemico, noto anche come Fogo selvagem colpisce popolazioni rurali di alcune zone del Brasile. I suoi aspetti clinici, istopatologico e immunologici sono indistinguibili da quelli del pemfigo foliaceo (Li N, Aoki V, Hans-Filho G, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA. The role of intramolecular epitope spreading in the pathogenesis of endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). J Exp Med. 2003;197(11):1501-10).
Il Pemfigo paraneoplastico è una rara malattia frequentemente devastante. Colpisce solitamente pazienti con neoplasie linforeticolari e si presenta con erosioni estese a molteplici superfici mucose e lesioni cutanee polimorfe (Blauvelt A, Hwang ST, Udey MC. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):S560-70).

Penfigo volgare (PV). La maggior parte dei pazienti con PV presenta inizialmente lesioni che interessano la cavità orale. Le lesioni possono essere a livello di gengiva, labbra, mucosa orale, palato molle e palato duro. Le altre superfici mucose che possono essere interessate sono quelle congiuntivale, nasale, laringea, faringea, esofagea, anale e genitale. Queste lesioni possono progredire verso un interessamento cutaneo. Quando i pazienti con PV presentano interessamento cutaneo, questo si manifesta più frequentemente al volto, al tronco, al torace, all'inguine, alle ascelle. La lesioni tipicamente si presentano come bolle flaccide. Il segno di Nikolsky può essere evocato applicando una pressione alla periferia della lesione determinando un'estensione della stessa in senso laterale. Queste bolle si rompono facilmente e spesso determinano erosioni dolorose. Le erosioni guariscono senza cicatrizzare e possono risultare in un'iperpigmentazione post-infiammatoria (Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A. Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16(3):214-23).
Recentemente è stata descritta un'associazione tra PV e infertilità (Fainaru O, Mashiach R, Kupferminc M, Shenhav M, Pauzner D, Lessing JB. Pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy: a case report and review of literature. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(5):1195-7).
Il PV è raro durante la gravidanza. I nuovi nati da madri affette da PV possono presentare transitorie lesioni che si risolvono in un paio di settimane dopo il parto , in seguito al catabolismo neonatale delle IgG materne. Il PV può essere associato a prematurità e anche a morte fetale (fino al 27%). Il neonato può inoltre presentare vari quadri: può essere libero da malattia o presentare una malattia bollosa transitoria (Kalayciyan A, Engin B, Serdaroglu S, Mat C, Aydemir EH, Kotogyan A. A retrospective analysis of patients with pemphigus vulgaris associated with pregnancy. Br J Dermatol. 200;147(2):396-7).
Il Pemfigo foliaceo (PF) si presenta con bolle ed erosioni interessanti solo le superfici cutanee. Nella maggior parte dei pazienti le lesioni hanno una distribuzione centrale e presentano il segno di Nikolsky. Il PF presenta anche due varianti, il fogo selvagem e il pemfigo eritematoso. Il fogo selvagem è una forma endemica di PF limitata ad alcune zone del Sud America. Si è pensato che fosse trasmesso da una insetto vettore. I pazienti con pemfigo eritematoso hanno lesioni che si presentano soprattutto a livello di collo e tronco. (Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A. Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16(3):214-23) Le lesioni cutanee del PF sono tipicamente eritematose, placche, o erosioni molto superficiali che interessano il tronco e il volto. Raramente si osservano bolle intatte. Il PF, nelle forme estese, può causare un'eritroderma desquamativo, difficilmente distinguibile da quello causato da malattie papulo-squamose (Blauvelt A, Hwang ST, Udey MC. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):S560-70).
Il Pemfigo vegetante è una variante rara di Pemfigo volgare, che comunemente interessa la lingua, che è detta lingua cerebriforme. Le lesioni cutanee sono vegetanti e si presentano a livello delle pieghe e nelle zone di frizione (Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A. Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16(3):214-23).
Il Pemfigo da farmaci inizialmente si presenta come un'eruzione orticarioide. Nella maggior parte dei pazienti l'eruzione esordisce poche settimane dopo l'inizio dell'assunzione del farmaco che la provoca. La progressione delle lesioni continua anche dopo la sospensione del farmaco. I farmaci più frequentemente associati al pemfigo da farmaci sono le penicilline, il captopril, le penicillamine, il ceftazidime, rifampicina, i b-bloccanti, eroina e i composti pirazolici (Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A. Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16(3):214-23).
La malattia di Hailey-Hailey si manifesta solitamente nella terza-quarta decade di vita con eritema vescicole ed erosioni che interessano le pieghe cutanee, in particolare l'inguine e le ascelle. Può colpire anche collo, regione perianale e sottomammaria. La distribuzione delle lesioni è di solito simmetrica, fatto che concorda con la generale opinione che le malattie cutanee ad eredità autosomica dominante abbiano una distribuzione generalizzata e bilaterale (Poblete-Gutierrez P, Wiederholt T, Konig A, Jugert FK, Marquardt Y, Rubben A, Merk HF, Happle R, Frank J. Allelic loss underlies type 2 segmental Hailey-Hailey disease, providing molecular confirmation of a novel genetic concept. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(10):1467-74).
Pemfigo neonatale. I bambini nati da madri affette da PV, possono presentare segni clinici, istologici ed immunopatologici del pemfigo. Se il neonato sopravvive, la malattia regredisce una volta catabolizzate le IgG materne. Anche madri con PF possono trasferire i loro autoanticorpi al feto, e sebbene meno frequente della forma volgare, ci sono casi di pemfigo foliaceo neonatale. Il Pemfigo neonatale va distinto dal pemfigo foliaceo o volgare che può insorgere nei bambini del tutto simile a quello degli adulti (Stanley JR. Pemphigus. In: Fizpatrick's, Dermatology in General Medicine, Fifth Edition, 1999: 654-64).

Il Pemfigo volgare era inevitabilmente fatale prima dell'avvento della terapia corticosteroidea. Lesioni mucose progressive compromettevano l'assunzione orale di cibo e le estese lesioni cutanee andavano soggette ad infezioni batteriche. Oggi è più facile che i pazienti rischino la vita per gli effetti collaterali del trattamento piuttosto che per un pemfigo incontrollabile.
La morbilità associata al pemfigo foliaceo è considerevolmente inferiore a quella associata al volgare, anche se i pazienti anziani con altre patologie sottostanti e un pemfigo diffuso possono essere a rischio di vita (Blauvelt A, Hwang ST, Udey MC. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):S560-70).
Il pemfigo è associato ad altre patologie autoimmuni, ma rilevante è la sua associazione con la miastenie e con il timoma (Yancey KB, Lawley TJ. Immunologically mediated skin disease. In: Harrison's, Principles of Internal Medicine, 15th Edition, 2001:331-32).
I pazienti con pemfigo paraneoplastico, notoriamente resistente alla terapia, possono morire o per la patologia maligna che li affligge o per una bronchiolite obliterante, risultato dell'interessamento dell'apparato respiratorio da parte del pemfigo paraneoplastico (Blauvelt A, Hwang ST, Udey MC. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):S560-70).

I pazienti con pemfigo volgare hanno autoanticorpi circolanti che si legano alla superficie dei cheratinociti, e questi immunoreagenti sono presenti anche in sito. Gli autoanticorpi del PV sono patogenetici. Nel paziente l'attività della malattia correla evidentemente con il titolo degli autoanticorpi. In secondo luogo lesioni da PV sono presenti transitoriamente in neonati figli di madri con malattia attiva, secondariamente al passaggio transplacentare di autoanticorpi materni. Infine l'iniezione degli autoanticorpi umani nel topo neonato induce la formazione delle bolle tipiche. La Desmogleina 3, una caderina desmosomiale di 130 kDa, è il principale bersaglio della risposta autoimmune e la patogenicità degli autoanticorpi anti-Dsg3 è stata dimostrata. Si pensa che altre proteine della superficie dei cheratinociti possano essere coinvolte nel meccanismo autoimmune. Gli autoanticorpi diretti verso la desmogleina 1, un'altra caderina desmosomiale, sembrano essere importanti nella formazione della lesione.
Precocemente nel corso della malattia e nel momento in cui le lesioni predominanti sono mucose, i pazienti con PV hanno autoanticorpi diretti esclusivamente contro Dsg3. Autoanticorpi anti-Dsg1 non crossreattivi compaiono più tardi in corrispondenza alla comparsa di lesioni cutanee. Questa evoluzione nell'esposizione dei diversi epitopi riflette la diversa rappresentazione di Dsg1 e Dsg3 nei cheratinociti, a diversi livelli dell'epitelio squamoso stratificato nei differenti tessuti, fenomeno chiamato 'ipotesi della compensazione della desmogleina'. Le attuali conoscenze indicano in Dsg3 il principale autoantigene iniziale e che gli autoanticorpi anti-Dsg3 inducono la formazione della lesione bloccando la funzione di Dsg3 o inducendone la 'down regulation'. Sebbene molto sia noto sul meccanismo di formazione delle lesioni, la causa scatenante resta non nota. In sottogruppi di pazienti sono particolarmente frequenti alcuni alleli HLA (DRB1*0402 and DQB1*0503).
Il Pemfigo foliaceo è un'altra malattia bollosa della cute, causata da anticorpi anti-desmogleina, ma sembra che la proteina bersaglio in primis sia desmogleina1. I pazienti con PF non presentano interessamento mucoso e le lesioni cutanee solitamente bene si distinguono da quelle del PV. Sembra che l'azione degli autoanticorpi anti-Dsg1 si esplichi o bloccando la funzione di Dsg1 o inducendone la 'down regulation'. Non è nota la causa del PF sporadico ma è nota una suscettibilità genetica (DRB1 0404, 1402, and 1406).
La causa del Pemfigo foliaceo endemico non è nota e i suoi aspetti clinici, istopatologici e immunologici sono indistinguibili da quelli del PF sporadico. In Brasile la malattia è più comune nelle zone rurali, nelle quali è presente il 'Simulium nigrimanum', che alcuni studi indicano come insetto vettore. Tale insetto potrebbe trasmettere un'infezione la quale scatenerebbe poi il Pemfigo foliaceo endemico.
La caratterizzazione degli autoanticorpi nel siero dei malati di Pemfigo paraneoplastico rivela la presenza di anti-Dsg3, come quella di autoanticorpi diretti contro alcune plachine (il cui ruolo eziologico non è ancora ben chiarito). Sono inoltre stati ritrovati nel siero dei pazienti autoanticorpi diretti contro l'epitelio respiratorio, che hanno un ruolo eziologico nello sviluppo della bronchiolite obliterante in tali pazienti. Non è chiaro come si formino questi autoanticorpi. L'apparente relazione esistente tra l'eradicazione della malattia di Castelman e la scomparsa del pemfigo paraneoplastico suggerisce che uno o più fattori solubili prodotti dalla neoplasia potrebbero scatenare la reazione autoimmune (Blauvelt A, Hwang ST, Udey MC. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):S560-70).

Per la diagnosi di PV è necessaria una biopsia cutanea o mucosa su cui eseguire l'istologia e l'immunofluorescenza diretta, per quest'ultima è necessaria una biopsia perilesionale di cute intatta o non clinicamente coinvolta. Acantolisi soprabasale e formazione di bolle sono molto suggestive per PV ma la diagnosi deve essere confermata dalla caratteristica deposito di IgG nello spazio intercellulare dell'epidermide. L'immunofluorescenza indiretta è meno sensibile, ma può essere d'aiuto se la biopsia è difficile, come nei bambini,e negli adulti non collaboranti. Attualmente per misurare direttamente nel siero gli anti-Dsg3 e gli anti-Dsg1 si può usare l'ELISA. Nei pazienti con pemfigo delle mucose l'ottimale sarebbe una biopsia mucosa, ma una biopsia cutanea può essere sufficiente.
Le seguenti indagini sono necessarie prima di iniziare la terapia: la biopsia (o un'immunofluorescenza indiretta), emocromo con formula, urea ed elettroliti, test di funzionalità epatica, ANA, livelli di tiopurina metiltransferasi (TMPT) se si intenda iniziare una terapia con azatioprina, esame urine, radiografia del torace e misurazione della pressione arteriosa. Vanno seguite le linee guida correnti per l'osteoporosi. In questo senso si raccomanda una scintigrafia ossea nelle prime fasi del trattamento.
Come il PV, il PF può essere diagnosticato in base a criteri clinici, immunopatologici e immunologici. L'istologia mostra una separazione immediatamente sotto lo strato corneo, tanto che questo strato superficiale può essere perso nella processazione della biopsia. L'infiammazione è variabile. Nel PV e nel PF il siero dà gli stessi risultati di immunofluorescenza diretta e indiretta. Solo l'immunoprecipitazione o studi con ELISA possono distinguere il siero del PF da quello del PV.
La clinica del PNP può essere sufficiente a porre diagnosi. L'istologia delle lesioni mostra un intenso infiltrato di linfociti a banda. Studi di immunofluorescenza diretta dimostrano il legame di autoanticorpi alla superficie dei cheratinociti e di C3 alla membrana basale (Blauvelt A, Hwang ST, Udey MC. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):S560-70).

Lo scopo iniziale del trattamento è indurre la remissione della malattia. Questo può essere seguito da un periodo di trattamento di mantenimento con le minime dosi di farmaci richieste per controllare la malattie e minimizzare così gli effetti collaterali. Sono accettate bolle sporadiche, segno che il paziente non è ipertrattato. Lo scopo finale dovrebbe essere la sospensione del trattamento e recenti studi hanno riportato tassi di remissione del 38%, 50% e 75% a 3, 5 e 10 anni dalla diagnosi.
La maggior parte dei pazienti è trattata con corticosteroidi sistemici che sono efficaci. Farmaci adiuvanti sono utilizzati insieme ai primi con lo scopo di aumentare l'efficienza e per mantenere i corticosteroidi a dosaggi inferiori in modo da ridurre gli effetti collaterali.
I corticosteroidi sistemici sono la terapia meglio definita per il trattamento del PV. Non è definita una schedala di dosaggi, ma questi vengono stabiliti su base empirica e in base all'esperienza. Un regime terapeutico tollerato è qui suggerito in base alla severità della malattia. Pazienti con malattia lieve sono trattati con iniziali dosi di prednisolone di 40-60 mg/die e nei casi più severi 60-100 mg/die. Se non c'è risposta entro 5-7 giorni la dose può essere incrementata del 50-100% finché non si ottiene un adeguato controllo della malattia. Se sono necessarie dosi superiori ai 100 mg/die, si può considerare l'utilizzo di corticosteroidi e.v.. Si utilizza metilprednisolone (250-1000 mg/die) o dosi equivalenti di desametasone e.v. per 1-5 giorni.
Una volta indotta la remissione con cicatrizzazione delle lesioni più estese, il dosaggio dei corticosteroidi va gradatamente ridotto. Si consiglia una riduzione della dose del 50% ogni 2 settimane.
Si raccomanda di seguire le linee guida per l'osteoporosi.
L'Azatioprina è comunemente prescritta come adiuvante e in alcuni casi sembra aver indotto un aumento dell'effetto dei corticosteroidi. Sono state usate dosi di 1-3 mg/die di Azatioprina, ma è meglio decidere la dose in base all'attività di TMPT individuale. In alternativa all'Azatioprina si può usare Ciclofosfamide per os.
Il Micofenolato Mofetile è stato recentemente introdotto nella terapia del PV: tipicamente si danno 2-2,5 mg/die in due somministrazioni insieme al prednisolone, nei casi poco responsivi alla terapia corticosteroidea o sostituendo l'Azatioprina e la ciclofosfamide quando non possono essere usate.
L'oro per via intramuscolo (50 mg/settimana), il metotrexate possono essere utilizzati come terapia adiuvante, quando opzioni indicate sopra non possono essere utilizzate.
La ciclosporina non può essere utilizzata come terapia adiuvante.
Le tetracicline (2 g/die) con o senza nicotinamide (1,5 g/die) può essere considerata come terapia adiuvante soprattutto nei casi di PV lieve.
Ci sono scarse evidenze cliniche sull'efficacia dell'utilizzo del dapsone e del clorambucile come terapia adiuvante.
Ripetuti cicli di IVIG possono essere considerati come terapia adiuvante e di mantenimento nei pazienti con malattia non responsiva alle terapie convenzionali.
La plasmaferesi non è raccomandata come trattamento di routine, anche se può essere preso in considerazione nei casi difficili se combinata con i corticosteroidi e gli agenti immunosoppressivi.
Il PV è largamente controllato con la terapia sistemica, ma una terapia topica può essere d'aiuto. Talvolta nelle forme lievi la malattia può essere controllata con la sola terapia topica.
Per il pemfigo orale misure dietetiche e di igiene orale possono minimizzare i traumi locali. Si possono utilizzare analgesici o anestetici topici per alleviare il dolore, soprattutto prima del pasto e della pulizia dei denti. Si possono utilizzare corticosteroidi per uso topico (Harman KE, Albert S, Black MM. British Association of Dermatologists. Guidelines for the management of pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(5):926-37).
La gestione del PV in gravidanza è simile a quella nelle donne non gravide. Sono generalmente sufficienti alte dosi di prednisone (60-360 mg/die) per alcune settimane seguite da una diminuzione graduale della dose nel mantenimento. Anche se non si è reso evidente un incremento delle malformazioni fetali , il trattamento con corticosteroidi in gravidanza può essere associato a parti prematuri. Quindi la gestione in gravidanza deve considerare i rischi e le possibili complicanze legati al pemfigo materno e i rischi correlati alla terapia. Si può utilizzare l'azatioprina come agente adiuvante. È stata proposta la plasmaferesi come trattamento in gravidanza, ma è ancora sperimentale (Fainaru O, Mashiach R, Kupferminc M, Shenhav M, Pauzner D, Lessing JB. Pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy: a case report and review of literature. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(5):1195-7).
Il pemfigo paraneoplastico è trattato con gli stessi agenti immunosoppressivi utilizzati nel pemfigo volgare, anche se tipicamente non è responsivo alla terapia (Blauvelt A, Hwang ST, Udey MC. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):S560-70).
Il pemfigo foliaceo può rimanere localizzato per molti anni e la prognosi senza terapia sistemica è buona, e quindi non è necessario il trattamento sistemico, ma può essere sufficiente l'uso di corticosteroidi topici. Quando le forme sono estese e attive, può rendersi necessario un trattamento sistemico simile a quello del PV (Stanley JR. Pemphigus. In: Fizpatrick's, Dermatology in General Medicine, Fifth Edition, 1999:654-64).

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